251. Facebook's Libra cryptocurrency - regulation | Gowling WLG

With regard to Libra specifically, Mark Carney, the governor of the BoE, appeared to give Libra a cautious backing, stating that it could 'substantially improve financial inclusion and dramatically lower the cost of domestic and cross border payments.' However, he continued to say that there would be significant regulatory scrutiny of the project. Some commentators referred to Libra as a 'stablecoin' when it was announced but Christopher Woolard, executive director of strategy and competition at the FCA, made clear that the FCA does not recognise this as a distinct category of cryptoasset.

The first thing the regulators would want to know is whether, and to what extent, Libra falls within the UK's current regulatory perimeter by asking Facebook a series of questions to understand, for example, who would use it? Why would they use it? What type of cryptoasset is it?

They would then determine whether Libra falls within one of the three FCA recognised types of cryptoasset (and therefore where it lies in relation to the perimeter) which they detailed in their July 2019 Final Guidance on Cryptoassets (the Guidance).

The Guidance outlines cryptoassets or 'tokens' which are regulated and those which are unregulated:

The FCA considers a security to refer broadly to an instrument that indicates an ownership position in an entity, a creditor relationship with an entity, or other rights to ownership or profit. Firms carrying on a specified activity, by way of business in the UK, involving a cryptoasset which is a specified investment (e.g. security tokens) may require authorisation and the relevant permission.

252. Faillites dans le secteur de la cryptomonnaie et comment le cadre réglementaire canadien peut aider

Le marché ne réagissait pas de la manière dont l’algorithme l’avait anticipé. TerraUSD s’est décorrélé totalement du USD et Luna est tombé à zéro, ce qui a provoqué une crise de confiance envers les cryptomonnaies et, en retour, une chute de près de la moitié de la valeur du Bitcoin entre avril et juillet 2022. Cette crise de confiance a été exacerbée par les faillites médiatisées de prêteurs et de fonds spéculatifs du secteur de la cryptomonnaie (des institutions centralisées), lesquels ont tous subi d’importantes pertes du fait de l’effondrement du Luna et par effet de contagion.

253. Fall Economic Statement: New GST/HST Registration and Collection Requirements for E-Commerce Businesses | McCarthy Tétrault

Miners Be Aware:  New GST/HST Measures Announced for Cryptoasset Mining

254. Fasken Collaborates on Blockchain-Based Smart Contract Project | News | Fasken

Six of Canada’s leading law firms recently joined forces on a ground breaking pilot project to develop a complex “smart contract” on the Ethereum blockchain. The experiment sought to explore the potential benefits of smart contracts in the legal context to better understand how law firms can leverage new technologies to best serve their clients. The participating firms were Bennett Jones LLP, Blake Cassels & Graydon LLP, Davies Ward Phillips & Vineberg LLP, Fasken Martineau Dumoulin LLP, Norton Rose Fulbright LLP and Stikeman Elliott LLP.

Over a six-month period, the law firms collaborated with GenesisB, a progressive blockchain consultancy, to develop an innovative “smart” legal template on the Ethereum blockchain using the OpenLaw platform. Specifically, the law firms automated an M&A escrow agreement, coding several clauses using smart contract technology. The executed agreement automated issues related to indemnification claims, working-capital payouts and basic disputes using a pseudo-stable coin.

255. Fasken collabore à un projet de contrat intelligent fondé sur les chaînes de blocs | Nouvelles | Fasken

Six des principaux cabinets d’avocats du Canada ont joint leurs efforts dans le cadre d’un projet pilote révolutionnaire visant à mettre au point un « contrat intelligent » complexe en se servant de la chaîne de blocs d’Ethereum. L’expérience avait pour but d’explorer les avantages possibles des contrats intelligents dans un contexte juridique, afin de mieux comprendre comment les cabinets d’avocats peuvent tirer profit des nouvelles technologies pour mieux servir leurs clients. Les cabinets qui ont pris part à ce projet sont Bennett Jones LLP, Blake Cassels & Graydon LLP, Davies Ward Phillips & Vineberg S.E.N.C.R.L., s.r.l., Fasken Martineau DuMoulin S.E.N.C.R.L., s.r.l., Norton Rose Fulbright Canada S.E.N.C.R.L., s.r.l. et Stikeman Elliott S.E.N.C.R.L., s.r.l.

Pendant une période de six mois, les cabinets d’avocats ont collaboré avec GenesisB, un cabinet-conseil avant-gardiste spécialisé en chaînes de blocs, afin de mettre au point un modèle juridique « intelligent » novateur au moyen de la chaîne de blocs d’Ethereum et de la plateforme OpenLaw. Plus précisément, les cabinets d’avocats ont automatisé une entente d’entiercement dans le cadre d’une opération de fusion et acquisition, en encodant de nombreuses clauses au moyen de la technologie des contrats intelligents. L’entente conclue a automatisé des questions liées aux demandes d’indemnisation, au versement de dividendes à partir de fonds de roulement et à des litiges types en utilisant une monnaie pseudo-stable.

256. Fasken est reconnu dans Chambers FinTech 2019 | Nouvelles | Fasken

Le répertoire souligne que Fasken a développé une solide pratique dans le domaine de la technologie financière et que le cabinet est reconnu pour avoir assisté à de maintes reprises un large éventail d'intervenants canadiens dans cet espace. La négociation d'accords d’extraction en bitcoin pour une société hébergeant des unités d’extraction en Russie et en Asie est un exemple du travail que nous avons réalisé. On souligne également la création par le cabinet de plateformes automatisées comme Via Fasken, une application de services juridiques sécurisée spécialement destinée à répondre aux besoins des sociétés de technologie émergente.

257. Fasken recognized in Chambers FinTech 2019 | News | Fasken

The guide highlights Fasken as having a solid FinTech practice and the Firm is recognized for often assisting a wide range of Canadian players in the space. The negotiation of bitcoin mining agreements for a company hosting mining units in Russia and Asia is listed as an example of work we’ve done. The Firm is also acknowledged for creating automated platforms, like Via Fasken, which is a secure legal services application specifically tailored to the needs of emerging technology companies.

258. Fatal accident involving an autonomous vehicle from Uber in Arizona: Can an identical tragedy occur in Quebec and Canada?

On March 11, 2021, Christie’s auction house made a landmark sale by auctioning off an entirely digital artwork by the artist Beeple, a $69 million transaction in Ether, a cryptocurrency.1 In doing so, the famous auction house put non-fungible tokens (“NFT”), the product of a decentralized blockchain, in the spotlight. While many extol the benefits of such crypto asset technology, there are also significant risks associated with it,2 requiring greater vigilance when dealing with any investment or transaction involving NFTs. What is an NFT? The distinction between fungible and non-fungible assets is not new. Prior to the invention of blockchain, the distinction was used to differentiate assets based on their availability, fungible assets being highly available and non-fungible assets, scarce. Thus, a fungible asset can easily be replaced by an equivalent asset with the same market value. The best example is money, whether it be coins, notes, deposit money or digital money, such as Bitcoin. On the contrary, a non-fungible asset is unique and irreplaceable. As such, works of art are non-fungible assets in that they are either unique or very few copies of them exist. Their value is a result of their authenticity and provenance, among other things. NFTs are crypto assets associated with blockchain technology that replicate the phenomenon of scarcity. Each NFT is associated with a unique identifier to ensure traceability. In addition to the art market, online, NFTs have been associated with the collection of virtual items, such as sports cards and other memorabilia and collectibles, including the first tweet ever written.3 NFTs can also be associated with tangible goods, in which case they can be used to track exchanges and transactions related to such goods. In 2019, Ernst & Young developed a system of unique digital identifiers for a client to track and manage its collection of fine wines.4 Many projects rely on cryptocurrencies, such as Ether, to create NFTs. This type of cryptocurrency is programmable and allows for metadata to be embedded through a code that becomes the key to tracking assets, such as works of art or other valuables. What are the risks associated with NFTs? Although many praise the benefits of NFTs, in particular the increased traceability of the origin of goods exchanged through digital transactions, it has become clear that the speculative bubble of the past few weeks has, contrary to expectations, resulted in new opportunities for fraud and abuse of the rights associated with works exchanged online. An unregulated market? While there is currently no legislative framework that specifically regulates crypto asset transactions, NFT buyers and sellers are still subject to the laws and regulations currently governing the distribution of financial products and services5, the securities laws6, the Money-Services Business Act7 and the tax laws8. Is an NFT a security? In January 2020, the Canadian Securities Administrators (CSA) identified crypto asset “commodities” as assets that may be subject to securities laws and regulations. Thus, platforms that manage and host NFTs on behalf of their users engage in activities that are governed by the laws that apply to securities trading, as long as they retain possession or control of NFTs. On the contrary, a platform will not be subject to regulatory oversight if: “the underlying crypto asset itself is not a security or derivative; and the contract or instrument for the purchase, sale or delivery of a crypto asset results in an obligation to make immediate delivery of the crypto asset, and is settled by the immediate delivery of the crypto asset to the Platform’s user according to the Platform’s typical commercial practice.”9 Fraud10 NFTs don’t protect collectors and investors from fraud and theft. Among the documented risks, there are fake websites robbing investors of their cryptocurrencies, thefts and/or disappearances of NFTs hosted on platforms, and copyright and tradem[Truncated to 4000 Characters]

259. Federal court holds that CFTC can regulate virtual currencies as commodities | Knowledge | Norton Rose Fulbright | United States | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

On March 6, 2018, in a fraud proceeding involving a virtual currency product, a New York federal court held that virtual currencies can be regulated by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) as commodities. Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. McDonnell (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 6, 2018).[1] This ruling marks the first federal judicial endorsement of the CFTC’s position that it had such jurisdiction over virtual currencies, which the CFTC took in its 2015 order in the Coinflip proceeding.[2] As such, this ruling represents a major step in defining the regulatory landscape in the United States for virtual currencies (also known as cryptocurrencies), of which over 1500 exist, the most well-known being Bitcoin. However, the ruling does not preclude concurrent regulation of virtual currencies by other governmental bodies, a number of which have been devoting attention to this area.

260. Federal financial institutions legislative and regulatory reporter – May 2022 | BLG

Basel Committee finalises principles on climate-related financial risks, progresses work on specifying cryptoassets' prudential treatment and agrees on way forward for the G-SIB assessment methodology review

Achieved progress on specifying a prudential treatment of cryptoassets and issuing a second consultation paper;

261. "FederalMonitor.ca" by Addison Cameron-Huff

BLOG HOME CONTACT AUTHOR NEXT POST: BITCOIN SPEECHES IN HOUSE & SENATE”

NEXT: BITCOIN SPEECHES IN HOUSE & SENATE ►

262. FinCEN Releases Guidance and Advisory on Activities Involving Virtual Assets | McCarthy Tétrault

Cryptoasset

The FinCEN Guidance defines convertible virtual currency (CVC) as a medium of exchange “that either has an equivalent value as currency, or acts as a substitute for currency, and is therefore a type of “value that substitutes for currency.” This includes digital currency, cryptocurrency, cryptoassets, and digital assets. FinCEN regulations apply to transactions involving the acceptance and transmission of value substituting for real currency by any means. Consequently, the FinCEN Guidance provides that CVC transactions are subject to FinCEN regulations regardless of the type of token, ledger, or technology used to exchange value.

263. FinTech Pulse podcast | Inside FinTech | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Special edition (September 2021) | The greening of Bitcoin mining with Chase Lochmiller, CEO of Crusoe Energy

264. FinTech and digital strategies in the UK and US; cryptocurrencies and CBDCs | Inside FinTech | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Lisa Lee Lewis (Head of risk consulting advisory, EMEA) and Alina Rotari (Compliance executive, London) compare regulatory trends across various jurisdictions relating to registering cryptoasset businesses.

265. FinTech hub | Canada | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are the most high profile applications of these technologies. However, the range of potential applications extends far beyond cryptocurrencies and includes, for example, trade execution and settlement systems, trade finance, supply chain management, asset registration, identity management (including for anti-money laundering and know your client purposes) and corporate governance.

266. FinTech hub | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are the most high profile applications of these technologies. However, the range of potential applications extends far beyond cryptocurrencies and includes, for example, trade execution and settlement systems, trade finance, supply chain management, asset registration, identity management (including for anti-money laundering and know your client purposes) and corporate governance.

267. FinTech hub | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright - Norton Rose Fulbright Institute

LEGAL NATURE OF CRYPTOASSETS AND SMART CONTRACTS

In this publication we consider the legal nature of cryptoassets and smart contracts, comparing the position in the UK, Australia, Canada, Singapore and the United States of America. We highlight  some key areas of difference or controversy which ought to be taken into account by businesses considering global roll-outs of business models that include cryptoassets or smart contracts.

The legal nature of cryptocurrencies and cryptoassets

The legal nature of cryptoassets

What sort of property is a cryptoasset?

268. FinTech law and regulation | Africa | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are the most high profile applications of these technologies. However, the range of potential applications extends far beyond cryptocurrencies and includes, for example, trade execution and settlement systems, trade finance, supply chain management, asset registration, identity management (including for anti-money laundering and know your client purposes) and corporate governance.

269. FinTech law and regulation | Australia | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are the most high profile applications of these technologies. However, the range of potential applications extends far beyond cryptocurrencies and includes, for example, trade execution and settlement systems, trade finance, supply chain management, asset registration, identity management (including for anti-money laundering and know your client purposes) and corporate governance.

270. FinTech law and regulation | Belgium | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are the most high profile applications of these technologies. However, the range of potential applications extends far beyond cryptocurrencies and includes, for example, trade execution and settlement systems, trade finance, supply chain management, asset registration, identity management (including for anti-money laundering and know your client purposes) and corporate governance.

271. FinTech law and regulation | Brazil | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are the most high profile applications of these technologies. However, the range of potential applications extends far beyond cryptocurrencies and includes, for example, trade execution and settlement systems, trade finance, supply chain management, asset registration, identity management (including for anti-money laundering and know your client purposes) and corporate governance.

272. FinTech law and regulation | Burundi | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are the most high profile applications of these technologies. However, the range of potential applications extends far beyond cryptocurrencies and includes, for example, trade execution and settlement systems, trade finance, supply chain management, asset registration, identity management (including for anti-money laundering and know your client purposes) and corporate governance.

273. FinTech law and regulation | Canada | Cabinet juridique mondial | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are the most high profile applications of these technologies. However, the range of potential applications extends far beyond cryptocurrencies and includes, for example, trade execution and settlement systems, trade finance, supply chain management, asset registration, identity management (including for anti-money laundering and know your client purposes) and corporate governance.

274. FinTech law and regulation | Canada | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are the most high profile applications of these technologies. However, the range of potential applications extends far beyond cryptocurrencies and includes, for example, trade execution and settlement systems, trade finance, supply chain management, asset registration, identity management (including for anti-money laundering and know your client purposes) and corporate governance.

275. FinTech law and regulation | China | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are the most high profile applications of these technologies. However, the range of potential applications extends far beyond cryptocurrencies and includes, for example, trade execution and settlement systems, trade finance, supply chain management, asset registration, identity management (including for anti-money laundering and know your client purposes) and corporate governance.

276. FinTech law and regulation | Deutschland | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are the most high profile applications of these technologies. However, the range of potential applications extends far beyond cryptocurrencies and includes, for example, trade execution and settlement systems, trade finance, supply chain management, asset registration, identity management (including for anti-money laundering and know your client purposes) and corporate governance.

277. FinTech law and regulation | France | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are the most high profile applications of these technologies. However, the range of potential applications extends far beyond cryptocurrencies and includes, for example, trade execution and settlement systems, trade finance, supply chain management, asset registration, identity management (including for anti-money laundering and know your client purposes) and corporate governance.

278. FinTech law and regulation | Germany | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are the most high profile applications of these technologies. However, the range of potential applications extends far beyond cryptocurrencies and includes, for example, trade execution and settlement systems, trade finance, supply chain management, asset registration, identity management (including for anti-money laundering and know your client purposes) and corporate governance.

279. FinTech law and regulation | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are the most high profile applications of these technologies. However, the range of potential applications extends far beyond cryptocurrencies and includes, for example, trade execution and settlement systems, trade finance, supply chain management, asset registration, identity management (including for anti-money laundering and know your client purposes) and corporate governance.

280. FinTech law and regulation | Greece | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are the most high profile applications of these technologies. However, the range of potential applications extends far beyond cryptocurrencies and includes, for example, trade execution and settlement systems, trade finance, supply chain management, asset registration, identity management (including for anti-money laundering and know your client purposes) and corporate governance.

281. FinTech law and regulation | Hong Kong SAR | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are the most high profile applications of these technologies. However, the range of potential applications extends far beyond cryptocurrencies and includes, for example, trade execution and settlement systems, trade finance, supply chain management, asset registration, identity management (including for anti-money laundering and know your client purposes) and corporate governance.

282. FinTech law and regulation | India | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are the most high profile applications of these technologies. However, the range of potential applications extends far beyond cryptocurrencies and includes, for example, trade execution and settlement systems, trade finance, supply chain management, asset registration, identity management (including for anti-money laundering and know your client purposes) and corporate governance.

283. FinTech law and regulation | Indonesia | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are the most high profile applications of these technologies. However, the range of potential applications extends far beyond cryptocurrencies and includes, for example, trade execution and settlement systems, trade finance, supply chain management, asset registration, identity management (including for anti-money laundering and know your client purposes) and corporate governance.

284. FinTech law and regulation | Israel | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are the most high profile applications of these technologies. However, the range of potential applications extends far beyond cryptocurrencies and includes, for example, trade execution and settlement systems, trade finance, supply chain management, asset registration, identity management (including for anti-money laundering and know your client purposes) and corporate governance.

285. FinTech law and regulation | Italy | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are the most high profile applications of these technologies. However, the range of potential applications extends far beyond cryptocurrencies and includes, for example, trade execution and settlement systems, trade finance, supply chain management, asset registration, identity management (including for anti-money laundering and know your client purposes) and corporate governance.

286. FinTech law and regulation | Japan | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are the most high profile applications of these technologies. However, the range of potential applications extends far beyond cryptocurrencies and includes, for example, trade execution and settlement systems, trade finance, supply chain management, asset registration, identity management (including for anti-money laundering and know your client purposes) and corporate governance.

287. FinTech law and regulation | Kenya | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are the most high profile applications of these technologies. However, the range of potential applications extends far beyond cryptocurrencies and includes, for example, trade execution and settlement systems, trade finance, supply chain management, asset registration, identity management (including for anti-money laundering and know your client purposes) and corporate governance.

288. FinTech law and regulation | Korea | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are the most high profile applications of these technologies. However, the range of potential applications extends far beyond cryptocurrencies and includes, for example, trade execution and settlement systems, trade finance, supply chain management, asset registration, identity management (including for anti-money laundering and know your client purposes) and corporate governance.

289. FinTech law and regulation | Latin America | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are the most high profile applications of these technologies. However, the range of potential applications extends far beyond cryptocurrencies and includes, for example, trade execution and settlement systems, trade finance, supply chain management, asset registration, identity management (including for anti-money laundering and know your client purposes) and corporate governance.

290. FinTech law and regulation | Luxembourg | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are the most high profile applications of these technologies. However, the range of potential applications extends far beyond cryptocurrencies and includes, for example, trade execution and settlement systems, trade finance, supply chain management, asset registration, identity management (including for anti-money laundering and know your client purposes) and corporate governance.

291. FinTech law and regulation | Marshall Islands | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are the most high profile applications of these technologies. However, the range of potential applications extends far beyond cryptocurrencies and includes, for example, trade execution and settlement systems, trade finance, supply chain management, asset registration, identity management (including for anti-money laundering and know your client purposes) and corporate governance.

292. FinTech law and regulation | Mexico | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are the most high profile applications of these technologies. However, the range of potential applications extends far beyond cryptocurrencies and includes, for example, trade execution and settlement systems, trade finance, supply chain management, asset registration, identity management (including for anti-money laundering and know your client purposes) and corporate governance.

293. FinTech law and regulation | Middle East | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are the most high profile applications of these technologies. However, the range of potential applications extends far beyond cryptocurrencies and includes, for example, trade execution and settlement systems, trade finance, supply chain management, asset registration, identity management (including for anti-money laundering and know your client purposes) and corporate governance.

294. FinTech law and regulation | Monaco | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are the most high profile applications of these technologies. However, the range of potential applications extends far beyond cryptocurrencies and includes, for example, trade execution and settlement systems, trade finance, supply chain management, asset registration, identity management (including for anti-money laundering and know your client purposes) and corporate governance.

295. FinTech law and regulation | Morocco | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are the most high profile applications of these technologies. However, the range of potential applications extends far beyond cryptocurrencies and includes, for example, trade execution and settlement systems, trade finance, supply chain management, asset registration, identity management (including for anti-money laundering and know your client purposes) and corporate governance.

296. FinTech law and regulation | Netherlands | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are the most high profile applications of these technologies. However, the range of potential applications extends far beyond cryptocurrencies and includes, for example, trade execution and settlement systems, trade finance, supply chain management, asset registration, identity management (including for anti-money laundering and know your client purposes) and corporate governance.

297. FinTech law and regulation | Nordic Region | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are the most high profile applications of these technologies. However, the range of potential applications extends far beyond cryptocurrencies and includes, for example, trade execution and settlement systems, trade finance, supply chain management, asset registration, identity management (including for anti-money laundering and know your client purposes) and corporate governance.

298. FinTech law and regulation | Pakistan | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are the most high profile applications of these technologies. However, the range of potential applications extends far beyond cryptocurrencies and includes, for example, trade execution and settlement systems, trade finance, supply chain management, asset registration, identity management (including for anti-money laundering and know your client purposes) and corporate governance.

299. FinTech law and regulation | Poland | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are the most high profile applications of these technologies. However, the range of potential applications extends far beyond cryptocurrencies and includes, for example, trade execution and settlement systems, trade finance, supply chain management, asset registration, identity management (including for anti-money laundering and know your client purposes) and corporate governance.

300. FinTech law and regulation | Singapore | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are the most high profile applications of these technologies. However, the range of potential applications extends far beyond cryptocurrencies and includes, for example, trade execution and settlement systems, trade finance, supply chain management, asset registration, identity management (including for anti-money laundering and know your client purposes) and corporate governance.

301. FinTech law and regulation | South Africa | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are the most high profile applications of these technologies. However, the range of potential applications extends far beyond cryptocurrencies and includes, for example, trade execution and settlement systems, trade finance, supply chain management, asset registration, identity management (including for anti-money laundering and know your client purposes) and corporate governance.

302. FinTech law and regulation | Thailand | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are the most high profile applications of these technologies. However, the range of potential applications extends far beyond cryptocurrencies and includes, for example, trade execution and settlement systems, trade finance, supply chain management, asset registration, identity management (including for anti-money laundering and know your client purposes) and corporate governance.

303. FinTech law and regulation | Turkey | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are the most high profile applications of these technologies. However, the range of potential applications extends far beyond cryptocurrencies and includes, for example, trade execution and settlement systems, trade finance, supply chain management, asset registration, identity management (including for anti-money laundering and know your client purposes) and corporate governance.

304. FinTech law and regulation | Uganda | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are the most high profile applications of these technologies. However, the range of potential applications extends far beyond cryptocurrencies and includes, for example, trade execution and settlement systems, trade finance, supply chain management, asset registration, identity management (including for anti-money laundering and know your client purposes) and corporate governance.

305. FinTech law and regulation | United Kingdom | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are the most high profile applications of these technologies. However, the range of potential applications extends far beyond cryptocurrencies and includes, for example, trade execution and settlement systems, trade finance, supply chain management, asset registration, identity management (including for anti-money laundering and know your client purposes) and corporate governance.

306. FinTech law and regulation | United States | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are the most high profile applications of these technologies. However, the range of potential applications extends far beyond cryptocurrencies and includes, for example, trade execution and settlement systems, trade finance, supply chain management, asset registration, identity management (including for anti-money laundering and know your client purposes) and corporate governance.

307. FinTech law and regulation | Zimbabwe | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are the most high profile applications of these technologies. However, the range of potential applications extends far beyond cryptocurrencies and includes, for example, trade execution and settlement systems, trade finance, supply chain management, asset registration, identity management (including for anti-money laundering and know your client purposes) and corporate governance.

308. FinTech | Africa | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

309. FinTech | Australia | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

310. FinTech | BLG

From regulatory compliance, to cryptocurrency offerings and to Bitcoin regulations and platforms, navigating the new era of digitization requires a long-term digital vision. 

311. FinTech | Belgium | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

312. FinTech | Brazil | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

313. FinTech | Burundi | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

314. FinTech | China | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

315. FinTech | France | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

316. FinTech | Germany | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

317. FinTech | Greece | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

318. FinTech | Hong Kong SAR | Hong Kong | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

319. FinTech | India | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

320. FinTech | Indonesia | Australia | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

321. FinTech | Israel | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

322. FinTech | Italy | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

323. FinTech | Japan | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

324. FinTech | Kenya | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

325. FinTech | Korea | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

326. FinTech | Latin America | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

327. FinTech | Luxembourg | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

328. FinTech | Marshall Islands | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

329. FinTech | Mexico | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

330. FinTech | Monaco | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

331. FinTech | Morocco | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

332. FinTech | Nordic Region | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

333. FinTech | Pakistan | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

334. FinTech | Poland | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

335. FinTech | Singapore | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

336. FinTech | South Africa | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

337. FinTech | Thailand | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

338. FinTech | The Netherlands | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

339. FinTech | Turkey | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

340. FinTech | Uganda | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

341. FinTech | United Kingdom | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

342. FinTech | Zimbabwe | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

343. Final Amending Regulations Issued under the Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Act | McCarthy Tétrault

In the Final Regulations, the definition has been changed to “a digital representation of value that can be used for payment or investment purposes that is not a fiat currency and that can be readily exchanged for funds or for another virtual currency that can be readily ex­changed for funds” or “a private key of a cryptographic system that en­ables a person or entity to have access to [such] digital rep­resentation of value”. Therefore, the definition has been expanded beyond digital currency use cases to tokens that can be used either for payment purposes (such as bitcoin or stablecoins) or investment purposes (such as security tokens).

344. Final form of the Disclosure Pilot confirmed | Inside Disputes | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets

345. Finance Litigation | Gowling WLG

Bitcoin dispute gives insight into English court's approach

346. Financial Action Task Force Publishes Report on Red Flag Indicators Associated with Virtual Assets | McCarthy Tétrault

Cryptoasset

347. Financial Crime | Africa | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoasset providers: Impact of the amendments to the MLRs 2017

348. Financial Services Regulation Legal Advice | Gowling WLG

Finance experts warn that Bitcoin could be hampering the future of blockchain

349. Financial Services Regulation | Financial Regulation | Gowling WLG

Finance experts warn that Bitcoin could be hampering the future of blockchain

350. Financial Technology | Ridout & Maybee LLP

As of December 8, 2020, the price of a single bitcoin is approximately US$ 18,891. In January 2016, the unit price of a bitcoin hovered around US$ 380 at one point. The rise of the bitcoin, along with other types of cryptocurrency, has led to one of the fastest growing trends in patent applications worldwide.

351. Financial services and regulation | Canada | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Navigating financial crime risks in the time of cryptoassets

352. Fintech

offering of the first publicly-traded bitcoin investment fund in the world

353. Fintech Lawyers in Canada - Calgary, Edmonton, Ottawa, Toronto and Vancouver | Bennett Jones

As part of our commitment to this sector, Bennett Jones is also the first Canadian law firm to join the legal working group of the Enterprise Ethereum Alliance, the world’s largest open-source blockchain initiative, dedicated to evolving smart contract blockchain technologies for enterprise application across industries.

Relationships with regulators and policy-makers: We enjoy strong relationships—and in some cases, advisory mandates—with the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (OSFI), the Ontario Securities Commission and other securities and financial institution regulatory authorities, broker/dealer authorities and policy influencers such as the Department of Finance, Bank of Canada and industry groups such as the Enterprise Ethereum Alliance. These relationships enable us to have a broad understanding of the changing regulatory landscape, now and in future, regionally, provincially, federally and internationally, to help attain compliance and mitigate regulatory risk.

354. Fintech Regulatory Developments: 2017 Year in Review | McCarthy Tétrault

Registrations and exemptions – In British Columbia, the British Columbia Securities Commission (“BCSC”) announced on September 6, 2017 the first registration of an investment fund manager in Canada dedicated solely to cryptocurrency investments. The registrant, also registered as an exempt market dealer, will operate a bitcoin investment fund. In August 2015, Québec’s Autorité des marchés financiers approved an initial coin offering (“ICO” or “ITO”) by Impak Finance, making it the first such legal ICO authorized in Canada. Impak was admitted to the regulatory sandbox for two years and only allowed to sell to accredited investors. In October 2017, the OSC approved the first ICO open to retail investors, who can invest up to $2,500 in the tokens offered. The applicant, TokenFunder Inc. (“TokenFunder”), was a blockchain business seeking to offer a technology platform for businesses to raise capital through tokens, coins and other blockchain-based securities. The OSC granted exemptive relief granted based on TokenFunder agreeing to seek registration promptly following the ICO.

Cryptocurrency futures – Futures trading on Bitcoin was introduced on December 10, 2017 by the Chicago Board Options Exchange (Cboe), and the CME Group followed, bringing bitcoin and cryptocurrencies in general, a step further toward the mainstream and bitcoin to a record high on December 18, 2017 of over $19,850. Regulators quickly reacted: (i) the U.S. Commodity and Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) is requesting comments on certain questions related to its treatment of cryptocurrency transactions, including margin requirement; (ii) on December 11, 2017, the Investment Industry Regulatory Organization of Canada (IIROC) announced greater margin requirements for cryptocurrency futures contracts that trade on commodity futures exchanges; and (iii) on December 18, 2017, the CSA issued a warning to remind dealers and investors about the inherent risks associated with products linked to cryptocurrencies (including futures), such as bitcoin.

355. Fintech Regulatory Developments: 2019 Year in Review | McCarthy Tétrault

Cryptocurrency Taxation Update: On May 17, 2019, the Department of Finance released proposals (the “Proposals”) to amend the Excise Tax Act (Canada) (the “ETA”) to treat certain virtual currency as a financial instrument for GST/HST purposes. If the Proposals become law, they will have a significant impact on whether certain participants in the virtual currency industry will be able to claim input tax credits on expenses incurred in the course of making supplies of and processing transactions involving such virtual currency. The Proposals would enact this change by introducing the new definition of “virtual payment instrument” into the ETA and by amending the definition of “financial instrument” in subsection 123(1) to include a reference to such definition. Tax compliance in respect of cryptocurrency continues to be a focus area of the Canada Revenue Agency (“CRA”). In June 2019, the CRA released a statement underscoring its commitment to combat international and transnational tax crime, global tax evasion and money laundering using cryptocurrency as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Global Tax Enforcement (J5), an international collaborative effort between revenue authorities in Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States. In this regard, the 2019 federal budget included a commitment of $150 million over five years to allow the CRA to fund new initiatives and expand existing programs to target non-compliance associated with the digital economy including cryptocurrency transactions. The CRA continues to publish new administrative positions on the taxation of cryptocurrencies. On March 8, 2019, the CRA published a guide for cryptocurrency users and tax professionals, which summarized the CRA’s position on a number of issues including providing examples of when a cryptocurrency user’s activities will cause the user to be considered to be carrying on a business, discussion of the appropriate methods of valuing cryptocurrency inventory and specific books and records requirements for cryptocurrency transactions. On August 8, 2019, the CRA published CRA Document Number 2018-0776661I7 “Bitcoin mining”, which specified that both the block reward received by a bitcoin miner and transaction fees must be included in the miner’s income from the provision of services under section 9 of the Income Tax Act (Canada) (“ITA”), the general provision governing income and losses from business or property in the ITA.

The Bitcoin Fund Decision: On October 29, 2019, the OSC released a decision that will allow The Bitcoin Fund (the “Fund”), which will be a public, non-redeemable investment fund that will invest substantially all of its assets in bitcoin, to receive a receipt for a final prospectus from the OSC, provided that the OSC is satisfied that there are no grounds for the OSC to refuse to issue a receipt, other than those grounds noted in the decision. The OSC, in reaching its decision, considered if: (i) bitcoin is an illiquid asset such that the Fund will not be compliant with securities law restrictions on the amount of illiquid assets that a non-redeemable investment fund can hold or purchase; and (ii) issuing a receipt for the Fund’s prospectus is not in the public interest, which included an assessment of the Fund’s ability to value its assets for investors given the significant market integrity concerns regarding the trading of bitcoin, the security and safekeeping of the Fund’s bitcoin, and the Fund’s ability to file audited financial statements, as required.

The OSC successfully prosecuted Oliver Folkard for defrauding investors with a bitcoin trading scheme between January 2014 and February 2016. Mr. Folkard was sentenced to eight months in prison and three years of probation for defrauding at least 14 people out of approximately $155,000.

Québec's Tribunal administratif des marchés financiers (“TMF”) determined that USI-Tech Limited (“USI-Tech”), a company purportedly headquartered in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, had conducted an illegal distribution of securities and had engaged in unregistered dealing. USI-Tech offered investors significant returns through Bitcoin trading and a crypto-token. The TMF ordered, among other things, that USI-Tech be prohibited from[3] engaging in any activity with respect to transactions in securities. The OSC issued an inter-jurisdictional order to enforce the TMF’s order.

Greece agreed to extradite a Russian citizen Alexander Vinnik to France, who US authorities claim was the mastermind of a $4 billion Bitcoin laundering ring through the BTC-e cryptocurrency exchange.

356. Fintech | BLG

Pour tirer son épingle du jeu en cette nouvelle ère numérique, il est impératif d’aborder la gamme des enjeux s’y rapportant, de la conformité réglementaire aux émissions de cryptomonnaies en passant par les plateformes de bitcoin et sa réglementation, tout en ayant une vision à long terme.

357. Fintech | McCarthy

SATO Technologies Corp. signs a loan agreement with Sygnum Bank AG for C$4M to finance bitcoin mining equipment

358. First steps | United Kingdom | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

“I reviewed the latest Financial Conduct Authority guidance on regulating cryptoassets and my supervisor circulated my summary to the rest of the team." 

359. Fonds d’investissement et gestion de l’actif

3iQ et Bitcoin Fund dans le cadre de l’approbation de son programme visant à offrir le premier fonds

d’investissement en bitcoin coté en bourse au monde

360. "Food for Thought from CIGI Roundtable on Blockchain Regulation" by Addison Cameron-Huff

Who should be trusted? Banks? Bitcoin exchanges? Programmers?

361. Game of Coins

sold approximately 1.15 billion DAO Tokens. Purchasers could exchange their Ethereum tokens (Ether), a

362. Game of Coins: SEC Announces That Certain Crypto Assets Will Be Subject to U.S. Securities Laws | Cassels.com

As noted in the SEC Report, the DAO was, prior to its demise at the hands of hackers in June 2016, an example of a decentralized autonomous organization; that is, a ‘virtual’ organization not existing in the physical form, but rather embodied in computer code and executed on a distributed ledger or blockchain.1 The premise behind the DAO was to remove decision making authority from a board of directors in both commercial and non-profit enterprises, and place it directly in the hands of owners of the DAO in an attempt to reduce the misdirection and misuse (or waste) of resources that generally plague large organizations where control is concentrated in the hands of the few. In its initial coin offering (ICO)2, The DAO offered and sold approximately 1.15 billion DAO Tokens. Purchasers could exchange their Ethereum tokens (Ether), a type of virtual currency, for DAO Tokens, which would permit the purchaser to vote on proposed actions of the DAO, including which future projects the DAO would invest in, and how to distribute the DAO’s anticipated earnings from these projects. Holders of DAO Tokens could also re-sell them on a number of online exchanges set up to facilitate the transfer of Ether, DAO Tokens, and various other crypto-currencies. As the value of DAO Tokens increased, this allowed holders to monetize their investment by exchanging the DAO Tokens for more Ether or other fiat currencies.

363. Geneviève Favreau | McCarthy

SATO Technologies Corp. signs a loan agreement with Sygnum Bank AG for C$4M to finance bitcoin mining equipment

364. Geoff Pedlow | Associé en Technologies émergentes à Vancouver | Équipe | Fasken

Bitfury Group et Hut 8 sur le point de fonder le plus important ensemble de centres de données de bitcoins de l’Amérique du Nord

365. Geva Benjamin | People | Torys LLP

"Digital Currencies: Bitcoin and Beyond -- The Legal Challenge"

366. "Good Article on Parsing Legal Documents" by Addison Cameron-Huff

BLOG HOME CONTACT AUTHOR NEXT POST: HOW TO SPEAK BITCOIN: SIMPLE EXPLANATIONS OF BI...”

NEXT: HOW TO SPEAK BITCOIN: SIMPLE EXPLANATIONS OF BI... ►

367. "Good Luck Starting a Bus Company in Ontario" by Addison Cameron-Huff

BLOG HOME CONTACT AUTHOR NEXT POST: BITCOIN MEETS THE STOCK MARKET: LEGAL ISSUES”

NEXT: BITCOIN MEETS THE STOCK MARKET: LEGAL ISSUES ►

368. Gowling WLG advises on $860m global settlement | Gowling WLG

Bitcoin dispute gives insight into English court's approach

369. Gowling WLG authors Virtual Currencies Guide | Gowling WLG

Virtual currencies are a key component of the increasingly important cryptoasset sector.

370. Gowling WLG launch dedicated crypto legal team | Gowling WLG

In recent months, the firm has organized and sponsored a number of events tailored to educate attendees on both the opportunities and legal complexities surrounding blockchain, including the recent ETHWaterloo - the world's largest Ethereum hackathon, which was attended by more than 400 leading developers from around the world and featured an address by Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin.

371. Group litigation in environmental damages claims | Inside Disputes | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets

372. Guidance Issued to Crypto-Trading Platforms on Requirements relating to Advertising, Marketing and Social Media Use | McCarthy Tétrault

“Our Crypto Exchange is the leading global exchange for trading 16 of the most commonly traded crypto assets.” The terms “exchange” and “marketplace” refer to a particular type of regulated entity under Canadian securities legislation, and a CTP that facilitates trades in securities or derivatives must not refer to itself or hold itself out to investors as an exchange or as being authorized to operate as a marketplace under securities legislation. Furthermore, this statement and others, such as “Our platform is consistently rated the safest and most trusted platform by leading rating agencies, including Digital Bitcoin Rating Service and Triple A Crypto All Stars” and “We are your cheapest and best source for Bitcoin”, would require sufficient evidence to substantiate the claims.

“When I want to buy Bitcoin, I always use the BuyEasy Crypto Platform – it’s so easy to buy!” If made by a promoter, this statement could be considered form of recommendation or and could trigger obligations under securities legislation for the CTP and potentially the individual promoter. The “general advice” exemption may not apply to these activities if the advice is tailored to the needs of the person receiving the advice and the person providing the advice does not disclose any financial or other interest that the endorser has in the issuer.

373. Hannah Louise Meakin | Partner | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoasset providers: Impact of the amendments to the MLRs 2017

374. Harriet Jones-Fenleigh | Partner | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

375. Health - Capital Markets

offering of the first publicly-traded bitcoin investment fund in the world

376. "Heat Map Generator" by Addison Cameron-Huff

BLOG HOME CONTACT AUTHOR NEXT POST: BITPAY (STRIPE FOR BITCOIN): $1M+ DAILY VOLUME”

NEXT: BITPAY (STRIPE FOR BITCOIN): $1M+ DAILY VOLUME ►

377. Home Office Expenses incurred during COVID-19: Can an Employee Deduct Them? | McCarthy Tétrault

Miners Be Aware:  New GST/HST Measures Announced for Cryptoasset Mining

378. Horizon Blockchain - Osler, Hoskin & Harcourt LLP

On March 7, 2020, Horizon Blockchain announced its US$5 million seed financing for their game SkyWeaver. The financing was led by Initialized Capital and will be used to pursue the closed beta test of SkyWeaver. SkyWeaver is a free to play digital trading card game that is built on a Ethereum blockchain network.  

379. Horizon Blockchain - Osler, Hoskin & Harcourt S.E.N.C.R.L./s.r.l.

Le 7 mars 2020, Horizon Blockchain a annoncé la conclusion d’un tour de financement de démarrage de 5 M$ US destiné à son jeu SkyWeaver. Le financement a été dirigé par Initialized Capital et servira à poursuivre les tests bêta fermés de SkyWeaver. SkyWeaver est un jeu de cartes à échanger en ligne offert gratuitement et créé sur un réseau de chaînes de blocs Ethereum

380. "How Dell, Expedia and NewEgg Accept Bitcoin" by Addison Cameron-Huff

"How Dell, Expedia and NewEgg Accept Bitcoin" by Addison Cameron-Huff

BLOG HOME CONTACT AUTHOR NEXT POST: NEW FEDERAL BITCOIN LAW”

How Dell, Expedia and NewEgg Accept Bitcoin

Dell recently announced that they're accepting Bitcoin. Here's a blog post I wrote for the Decentral blog about how companies like Dell and Expedia are accepting Bitcoin: http://blog.decentral.ca/post/92445053308/how-dell-expedia-and-others-accept-bitcoin-payments.

Canadian Bitcoin exchange QuadrigaCX published a video earlier today about how companies can use their platform to accept Bitcoin: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rjkltZ_C6rU.

381. "How Much Power Does Bitcoin Use?" by Addison Cameron-Huff

"How Much Power Does Bitcoin Use?" by Addison Cameron-Huff

How Much Power Does Bitcoin Use?

Forbes reported $15 million per day in power consumption for the entire Bitcoin network back in January but some people disagree with that estimate.

I think a fair estimate of Bitcoin power consumption is about $150,000 per day.

The current "hash rate" for the Bitcoin network is about 30 million GH/s.

382. "How Much Would a Bitcoin-Based Payment System Save Canadian Merchants?" by Addison Cameron-Huff

"How Much Would a Bitcoin-Based Payment System Save Canadian Merchants?" by Addison Cameron-Huff

How Much Would a Bitcoin-Based Payment System Save Canadian Merchants?

Q: How much would Canadian merchants save by switching to the Bitcoin network? A: About $9 billion per year.

Credit card transaction fees are around $9 billion per year in Canada. To process those transactions using Bitcoin would cost 1/100th of that: only $90 million. Read on for the math.

Bitcoin: $90m to Process 3 Billion Transactions

383. "How to Speak Bitcoin: Simple Explanations of Bitcoin Concepts" by Addison Cameron-Huff

"How to Speak Bitcoin: Simple Explanations of Bitcoin Concepts" by Addison Cameron-Huff

BLOG HOME CONTACT AUTHOR NEXT POST: BITCOIN: CANADIAN REGULATORY LANDSCAPE”

How to Speak Bitcoin: Simple Explanations of Bitcoin Concepts

I've written a blog post on the Decentral Tumblr blog that explains Bitcoin terms in simple language.

Address = A public identifier to which bitcoins can be sent, similar to an email address. An address always has a corresponding “private key” that can be used to transfer the bitcoins that reside at that address. An address looks like this: 1M72Sfpbz1BPpXFHz9m3CdqATR44Jvaydd.

384. Hugo Babos-Marchand

(Bitcoin) in the context of its mandate.

385. Hugo Babos-Marchand | McCarthy

Acting for Raymond Chabot Administrateur Provisoire, the provisional administrator to certain assets of Dominic Lacroix pursuant to an Act respecting the Regulation of the Financial Sector. This was the first time a provisional administrator was able to seize cryptocurrency (Bitcoin) in the context of its mandate.

386. Hugo Babos-Marchand | McCarthy Tétrault

Il a agi pour le compte de Raymond Chabot Administrateur Provisoire, l’administrateur provisoire nommé à certains actifs de Dominic Lacroix en vertu de la Loi sur l’encadrement du secteur financier. Il s’agissait de la première fois qu’un administrateur provisoire saisissait de la cryptomonnaie (Bitcoin) dans le cadre de son mandat.

387. Husky Energy and Cenovus Energy to combine in C$3.8B deal | McCarthy

SATO Technologies Corp. signs a loan agreement with Sygnum Bank AG for C$4M to finance bitcoin mining equipment

388. "I'm the World's First "Certified Bitcoin Professional" Lawyer" by Addison Cameron-Huff

"I'm the World's First "Certified Bitcoin Professional" Lawyer" by Addison Cameron-Huff

I'm the World's First "Certified Bitcoin Professional" Lawyer

Apparently I'm the world's first Certified Bitcoin Professional lawyer: https://cryptoconsortium.org/certifications/CBP/lookup?token=15b8ff.

The Certified Bitcoin Professional (CBP) designation is a new professional designation run by the "Crypto Currency Certification Consortium". Among the many people involved is Michael Perklin of bitcoinsultants.

CBP is a designation that tests someone's understanding of the blockchain, bitcoin network, privacy, etc.

389. "ICOs: Thoughts on CSA Staff Notice 46-307" by Addison Cameron-Huff

Last week the CSA published a staff notice on ICOs (token crowd sales) and cryptocurrency funds. This week my thoughts on that staff notice were published in Bitcoin Magazine: https://bitcoinmagazine.com/articles/op-ed-planning-ico-canada-here-are-10-regulatory-points-ponder/.

390. Ian Mak | McCarthy

McCarthy Tétrault and OpenLaw collaborate on loan agreement smart contract project powered by Ethereum blockchain

Rebuilding lending to better serve the industry: our award-winning Fintech Group teamed up with OpenLaw to innovate smart contract powered loan agreements on the Ethereum blockchain.

391. Immobilier – Marchés financiers

3iQ et Bitcoin Fund dans le cadre de l’approbation de son programme visant à offrir le premier fonds

d’investissement en bitcoin coté en bourse au monde

392. Improving Cybersecurity with Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence

On March 11, 2021, Christie’s auction house made a landmark sale by auctioning off an entirely digital artwork by the artist Beeple, a $69 million transaction in Ether, a cryptocurrency.1 In doing so, the famous auction house put non-fungible tokens (“NFT”), the product of a decentralized blockchain, in the spotlight. While many extol the benefits of such crypto asset technology, there are also significant risks associated with it,2 requiring greater vigilance when dealing with any investment or transaction involving NFTs. What is an NFT? The distinction between fungible and non-fungible assets is not new. Prior to the invention of blockchain, the distinction was used to differentiate assets based on their availability, fungible assets being highly available and non-fungible assets, scarce. Thus, a fungible asset can easily be replaced by an equivalent asset with the same market value. The best example is money, whether it be coins, notes, deposit money or digital money, such as Bitcoin. On the contrary, a non-fungible asset is unique and irreplaceable. As such, works of art are non-fungible assets in that they are either unique or very few copies of them exist. Their value is a result of their authenticity and provenance, among other things. NFTs are crypto assets associated with blockchain technology that replicate the phenomenon of scarcity. Each NFT is associated with a unique identifier to ensure traceability. In addition to the art market, online, NFTs have been associated with the collection of virtual items, such as sports cards and other memorabilia and collectibles, including the first tweet ever written.3 NFTs can also be associated with tangible goods, in which case they can be used to track exchanges and transactions related to such goods. In 2019, Ernst & Young developed a system of unique digital identifiers for a client to track and manage its collection of fine wines.4 Many projects rely on cryptocurrencies, such as Ether, to create NFTs. This type of cryptocurrency is programmable and allows for metadata to be embedded through a code that becomes the key to tracking assets, such as works of art or other valuables. What are the risks associated with NFTs? Although many praise the benefits of NFTs, in particular the increased traceability of the origin of goods exchanged through digital transactions, it has become clear that the speculative bubble of the past few weeks has, contrary to expectations, resulted in new opportunities for fraud and abuse of the rights associated with works exchanged online. An unregulated market? While there is currently no legislative framework that specifically regulates crypto asset transactions, NFT buyers and sellers are still subject to the laws and regulations currently governing the distribution of financial products and services5, the securities laws6, the Money-Services Business Act7 and the tax laws8. Is an NFT a security? In January 2020, the Canadian Securities Administrators (CSA) identified crypto asset “commodities” as assets that may be subject to securities laws and regulations. Thus, platforms that manage and host NFTs on behalf of their users engage in activities that are governed by the laws that apply to securities trading, as long as they retain possession or control of NFTs. On the contrary, a platform will not be subject to regulatory oversight if: “the underlying crypto asset itself is not a security or derivative; and the contract or instrument for the purchase, sale or delivery of a crypto asset results in an obligation to make immediate delivery of the crypto asset, and is settled by the immediate delivery of the crypto asset to the Platform’s user according to the Platform’s typical commercial practice.”9 Fraud10 NFTs don’t protect collectors and investors from fraud and theft. Among the documented risks, there are fake websites robbing investors of their cryptocurrencies, thefts and/or disappearances of NFTs hosted on platforms, and copyright and tradem[Truncated to 4000 Characters]

393. Incorporation of contractual terms by course of dealing | Inside Disputes | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets

394. "Incredible Allegations Against DEA & Secret Service Agents in Silk Road Case" by Addison Cameron-Huff

According to the affidavit, one agent sold information about their investigation to the operator of Silk Road for $100k. He also allegedly worked at a Bitcoin company where he ran illegal criminal checks on customers and stole $300k worth of bitcoins. There are many more allegations contained in the affidavit starting at page 3.

The other agent allegedly stole bitcoins from the Silk Road, exchanged them on Mt. Gox and then wired back the money to a new LLC shell company. This activity was alleged to have happened well before the government seized the Silk Road's accounts (i.e. rogue government agents hacked the Silk Road before the government officially did).

3. An agent seized cash + digital currency from someone using a Bitcoin exchange service but only filed a seizure report for the cash. (pg. 32)

6. The Secret Service agent who was given the passwords from the customer service employee stole bitcoins from the site while the employee was being questioned by the government. The Silk Road operator thought the bitcoins had been stolen by the employee and then tried to hire a person they thought was a major drug dealer to kill the employee. (pg. 42) The major drug dealer turned out to be a DEA agent who was working with the Secret Service Agent. They then faked the employee's death and collected $80k from the Silk Road operator for the supposed murder. (pgs. 42-43)

7. Bitstamp's anti-money laundering procedures played a role in identifying the crooked DEA agent. (pg. 47) Other Bitcoin companies provided information that was useful in the investigation.

395. Indications des Autorités canadiennes en valeurs mobilières à l’intention des émetteurs de cryptoactifs | BLG

En outre, les émetteurs doivent tenir compte de la différence entre la détention de cryptomonnaies établies (par exemple, le Bitcoin ou l’Ether) et celle d’autres cryptoactifs, tels que les jetons numériques, et des risques qui s’y rattachent.

396. Information governance, privacy and cybersecurity | Africa | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

The latest instalment in the Tulip Trading v Bitcoin Association litigation has been greeted with relief by many in the blockchai…

397. Information governance, privacy and cybersecurity | Belgium | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

The latest instalment in the Tulip Trading v Bitcoin Association litigation has been greeted with relief by many in the blockchai…

398. Information governance, privacy and cybersecurity | Brazil | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

The latest instalment in the Tulip Trading v Bitcoin Association litigation has been greeted with relief by many in the blockchai…

399. Information governance, privacy and cybersecurity | Burundi | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

The latest instalment in the Tulip Trading v Bitcoin Association litigation has been greeted with relief by many in the blockchai…

400. Information governance, privacy and cybersecurity | Canada | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

The latest instalment in the Tulip Trading v Bitcoin Association litigation has been greeted with relief by many in the blockchai…

401. Information governance, privacy and cybersecurity | Deutschland | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

The latest instalment in the Tulip Trading v Bitcoin Association litigation has been greeted with relief by many in the blockchai…

402. Information governance, privacy and cybersecurity | France | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

The latest instalment in the Tulip Trading v Bitcoin Association litigation has been greeted with relief by many in the blockchai…

403. Information governance, privacy and cybersecurity | Germany | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

The latest instalment in the Tulip Trading v Bitcoin Association litigation has been greeted with relief by many in the blockchain community, after the High Court threw out a claim that bitcoin developers (including several bitcoin forks) owed a duty of care or a fiduciary duty to an alleged owner of bitcoin.

404. Information governance, privacy and cybersecurity | Greece | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

The latest instalment in the Tulip Trading v Bitcoin Association litigation has been greeted with relief by many in the blockchai…

405. Information governance, privacy and cybersecurity | Hong Kong SAR | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

The latest instalment in the Tulip Trading v Bitcoin Association litigation has been greeted with relief by many in the blockchai…

406. Information governance, privacy and cybersecurity | India | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

The latest instalment in the Tulip Trading v Bitcoin Association litigation has been greeted with relief by many in the blockchai…

407. Information governance, privacy and cybersecurity | Indonesia | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

The latest instalment in the Tulip Trading v Bitcoin Association litigation has been greeted with relief by many in the blockchai…

408. Information governance, privacy and cybersecurity | Israel | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

The latest instalment in the Tulip Trading v Bitcoin Association litigation has been greeted with relief by many in the blockchai…

409. Information governance, privacy and cybersecurity | Italia | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

The latest instalment in the Tulip Trading v Bitcoin Association litigation has been greeted with relief by many in the blockchai…

410. Information governance, privacy and cybersecurity | Italy | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

The latest instalment in the Tulip Trading v Bitcoin Association litigation has been greeted with relief by many in the blockchai…

411. Information governance, privacy and cybersecurity | Japan | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

The latest instalment in the Tulip Trading v Bitcoin Association litigation has been greeted with relief by many in the blockchai…

412. Information governance, privacy and cybersecurity | Kenya | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

The latest instalment in the Tulip Trading v Bitcoin Association litigation has been greeted with relief by many in the blockchai…

413. Information governance, privacy and cybersecurity | Korea | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

The latest instalment in the Tulip Trading v Bitcoin Association litigation has been greeted with relief by many in the blockchai…

414. Information governance, privacy and cybersecurity | Latin America | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

The latest instalment in the Tulip Trading v Bitcoin Association litigation has been greeted with relief by many in the blockchai…

415. Information governance, privacy and cybersecurity | Luxembourg | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

The latest instalment in the Tulip Trading v Bitcoin Association litigation has been greeted with relief by many in the blockchai…

416. Information governance, privacy and cybersecurity | Maroc | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

The latest instalment in the Tulip Trading v Bitcoin Association litigation has been greeted with relief by many in the blockchai…

417. Information governance, privacy and cybersecurity | Marshall Islands | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

The latest instalment in the Tulip Trading v Bitcoin Association litigation has been greeted with relief by many in the blockchai…

418. Information governance, privacy and cybersecurity | Mexico | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

The latest instalment in the Tulip Trading v Bitcoin Association litigation has been greeted with relief by many in the blockchai…

419. Information governance, privacy and cybersecurity | Middle East | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

The latest instalment in the Tulip Trading v Bitcoin Association litigation has been greeted with relief by many in the blockchai…

420. Information governance, privacy and cybersecurity | Monaco | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

The latest instalment in the Tulip Trading v Bitcoin Association litigation has been greeted with relief by many in the blockchai…

421. Information governance, privacy and cybersecurity | Morocco | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

The latest instalment in the Tulip Trading v Bitcoin Association litigation has been greeted with relief by many in the blockchai…

422. Information governance, privacy and cybersecurity | Netherlands | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

The latest instalment in the Tulip Trading v Bitcoin Association litigation has been greeted with relief by many in the blockchai…

423. Information governance, privacy and cybersecurity | Nordic Region | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

The latest instalment in the Tulip Trading v Bitcoin Association litigation has been greeted with relief by many in the blockchai…

424. Information governance, privacy and cybersecurity | Pakistan | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

The latest instalment in the Tulip Trading v Bitcoin Association litigation has been greeted with relief by many in the blockchai…

425. Information governance, privacy and cybersecurity | Papua New Guinea | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

The latest instalment in the Tulip Trading v Bitcoin Association litigation has been greeted with relief by many in the blockchai…

426. Information governance, privacy and cybersecurity | Poland | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

The latest instalment in the Tulip Trading v Bitcoin Association litigation has been greeted with relief by many in the blockchai…

427. Information governance, privacy and cybersecurity | Singapore | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

The latest instalment in the Tulip Trading v Bitcoin Association litigation has been greeted with relief by many in the blockchai…

428. Information governance, privacy and cybersecurity | South Africa | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

The latest instalment in the Tulip Trading v Bitcoin Association litigation has been greeted with relief by many in the blockchai…

429. Information governance, privacy and cybersecurity | Thailand | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

The latest instalment in the Tulip Trading v Bitcoin Association litigation has been greeted with relief by many in the blockchai…

430. Information governance, privacy and cybersecurity | Uganda | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

The latest instalment in the Tulip Trading v Bitcoin Association litigation has been greeted with relief by many in the blockchai…

431. Information governance, privacy and cybersecurity | United Kingdom | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

The latest instalment in the Tulip Trading v Bitcoin Association litigation has been greeted with relief by many in the blockchai…

432. Information governance, privacy and cybersecurity | Zimbabwe | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

The latest instalment in the Tulip Trading v Bitcoin Association litigation has been greeted with relief by many in the blockchai…

433. Information governance, privacy and cybersecurity | 中国 | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

The latest instalment in the Tulip Trading v Bitcoin Association litigation has been greeted with relief by many in the blockchain community, after the High Court threw out a claim that bitcoin developers (including several bitcoin forks) owed a duty of care or a fiduciary duty to an alleged owner of bitcoin.

434. Information governance, privacy and cybersecurity | 日本 | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

The latest instalment in the Tulip Trading v Bitcoin Association litigation has been greeted with relief by many in the blockchai…

435. Initial Coin Offerings subject to securities laws: SEC

The report published yesterday arises out of an investigation into whether those involved in an ICO by the so-called Distributed Autonomous Organization, or DAO, violated U.S. securities law. The underlying concept of the DAO was that participants would purchase DAO tokens in exchange for Ethereum virtual currency, which would be held by the DAO. The DAO tokens would entitle the holder to vote on proposals to fund projects using the Ethereum and distribute earnings from those projects. The DAO existed only as a “smart contract” — that is, software code running on the Ethereum blockchain — that would administer the votes, allocate funding based on the results of the votes, and distribute earnings to token holders.

In May 2016, the DAO sold 1.15 billion DAO tokens for Ethereum with a value of US$150 million (today, that same amount of Ethereum would be worth US$2.4 billion). However, the DAO never went into operation and has since become defunct. In June 2016, an unknown attacker exploited a vulnerability in the DAO code to divert 1/3 of the total Ethereum raised to an address controlled by the attacker. This attack resulted in a decision to “hard fork” the Ethereum blockchain — that is, change the Ethereum protocol — to reverse the attacker’s actions, restore the stolen Ethereum and permit DAO token holders to recover their investments.

436. Inside Disputes | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets

437. Insights & Resources | Gowling WLG

Bitcoin dispute gives insight into English court's approach

438. Insights | Africa | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

439. Insights | Belgium | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

440. Insights | Brazil | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

441. Insights | Burundi | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

442. Insights | China | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

443. Insights | France | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

444. Insights | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

445. Insights | Greece | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

446. Insights | Hong Kong SAR | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

447. Insights | India | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

448. Insights | Indonesia | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

449. Insights | Israel | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

450. Insights | Italia | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

451. Insights | Italy | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

452. Insights | Japan | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

453. Insights | Kenya | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

454. Insights | Korea | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

455. Insights | Luxembourg | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

456. Insights | Maroc | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

457. Insights | Marshall Islands | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

458. Insights | McCarthy

Cryptoasset

OSFI Publishes First Interim Framework for Cryptoassets held by Federally Regula...

459. Insights | McCarthy Tétrault

Cryptoasset

460. Insights | Monaco | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

461. Insights | Morocco | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

462. Insights | Netherlands | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

463. Insights | Nordic Region | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

464. Insights | Pakistan | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

465. Insights | Papua New Guinea | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

466. Insights | Poland | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

467. Insights | Singapore | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

468. Insights | South Africa | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

469. Insights | Thailand | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

470. Insights | Turkey | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

471. Insights | Uganda | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

472. Insights | Zimbabwe | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

473. Insights | 中国 | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

474. Insights | 日本 | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

475. Intellectual Property Archives - The Angle | Fasken IP

bitcoin, Colored Coins, Digital Art Marketplace, Intellectual Property, NFT

Earlier this year, something called an “NFT” sold for $69 million USD at auction.[1] This was likely the first time most people had ever heard the term “NFT.” From that point forward, discussions of various NFTs were everywhere; as a result, they entered mainstream consciousness, much like Bitcoin had nearly ten years ago. In fact, NFT or “non-fungible token” was named word of the year for 2021.[2]

476. Intellectual property Archives - Page 2 of 3 - The Angle | Fasken IP

Earlier this year, something called an “NFT” sold for $69 million USD at auction.[1] This was likely the first time most people had ever heard the term “NFT.” From that point forward, discussions of various NFTs were everywhere; as a result, they entered mainstream consciousness, much like Bitcoin had nearly ten years ago. In fact, NFT or “non-fungible token” was named word of the year for 2021.[2]

477. Intellectual property Archives - The Angle | Fasken IP

bitcoin, Colored Coins, Digital Art Marketplace, Intellectual Property, NFT

478. Intelligence artificielle et chaînes de blocs : vulnérables aux cyberattaques

Méthodes de signature utilisées par les Bitcoins et d’autres cryptomonnaies

Selon le NIST, la cryptographie par courbes elliptique deviendra inefficace. Ce qui est préoccupant, c’est qu’on parle ici de la méthode utilisée pour la signature de cryptomonnaies, dont le célèbre Bitcoin. Des recherches récentes indiquent que cette méthode présente une grande vulnérabilité à une attaque par des ordinateurs quantiques, qui pourraient déjouer ces codes en moins de dix minutes d’ici quelques années3.

Aggarwal, Divesh, et al. "Quantum attacks on Bitcoin, and how to protect against them." arXiv preprint arXiv:1710.10377(2017).

Le 11 mars dernier, la maison de vente Christie’s concluait une vente historique en proposant aux enchères une œuvre-cryptoactif de l’artiste Beeple, uniquement numérique, se concluant par une transaction de 69 millions de dollars en Ether, une cryptomonnaie1. Ce faisant, la célèbre maison d’enchères a mis sous les projecteurs les Non-Fungible Tokens (« NFT »), les jetons non fongibles pour franciser le tout, produits de la chaîne de blocs décentralisée. Si plusieurs soulignent les avantages de cette technologie des cryptoactifs, des risques importants y sont par ailleurs associés2, demandant une vigilance accrue pour tout investissement ou toute transaction impliquant des NFT. Qu’est-ce qu’un NFT ? La distinction entre biens fongibles et non fongibles n’est pas récente. Avant même l’invention de la chaîne de blocs, cette distinction servait déjà à départager ces biens dont la valeur dans l’économie est fondée soit, quant aux biens fongibles, sur leur grande disponibilité, soit, quant aux biens non fongibles, sur leur rareté. Ainsi, un bien fongible est facilement remplaçable par un équivalent ayant la même valeur marchande. Le meilleur exemple est celui de la monnaie, que ce soient les pièces, les billets, la monnaie scripturale ou la monnaie électronique, par exemple le Bitcoin. Au contraire, un bien non fongible est unique, irremplaçable. À ce titre, les œuvres d’art sont des biens non fongibles de par leur unicité ou leur très petit nombre d’exemplaires, de telle sorte que leur valeur est, entre autres, fonction de leur authenticité et de leur provenance. Les NFT sont des cryptoactifs associés à la chaîne de blocs qui reproduisent ce phénomène de rareté. À chaque NFT est associé un identifiant unique qui permet d’en assurer la traçabilité. En plus du marché de l’art, les NFT ont été associés sur le Web à la collecte d’objets virtuels, tels que des cartes de sports et d’autres souvenirs et objets de collection, incluant le premier tweet de l’histoire3. Les NFT peuvent aussi être associés à des biens réels et permettent dans ce cas d’assurer le suivi des échanges et des transactions afférents à ces biens. Déjà en 2019, Ernst & Young avait développé pour un client un système d’identifiants numériques uniques permettant d’assurer le suivi et la gestion de la collection de vins de grands crus de ce client4. Plusieurs projets s’appuient sur des cryptomonnaies, comme l’Ether, pour créer les NFT. Ce genre de cryptomonnaie est programmable et permet d’enchâsser des métadonnées par l’intermédiaire du code qui devient la clé assurant le suivi de biens tels des œuvres d’art ou d’autres biens de valeur. Quels sont les risques associés aux NFT ? Si plusieurs vantaient les avantages des NFT, notamment pour assurer une plus grande traçabilité quant à la provenance des biens échangés par transactions numériques, force est de constater que la bulle spéculative des dernières semaines a, contrairement aux attentes, engendré de nouvelles occasions de fraudes et des dérives quant aux droits associés aux œuvres échangées sur Internet. Un marché non réglementé? Même s’il n’existe pour l’instant aucun cadre législatif qui réglemente spécifiquement les transactions de cryptoactifs, les vendeurs et les acheteurs de NFT sont tout de même assujettis, notamment, aux lois et réglementations encadrant actuellement la distribution des produits et services financiers5, aux lois sur les valeurs mobilières6, à la Loi sur les entreprises de services monétaires7 et aux lois fiscales8. Un NFT, une valeur mobilière ? Dès janvier 2020, les Autorités canadiennes en valeurs mobilières (ACVM) ont identifié les « marchandises » cryptoactifs comme des biens pouvant être assujettis aux lois et aux règlements en valeurs mobilières. Ainsi, les plateformes qui gèrent et hébergent des NFT pour le compte de leurs utilisateurs exercent des activités encadrées par les lois applicables au commerce de valeurs mobilières, dans la mesure où elles conservent la possession ou le co[Truncated to 4000 Characters]

479. International Restructuring Newswire | Knowledge | Norton Rose Fulbright | Canada | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Late 2017 will be remembered as the period in which everyday investors adopted cryptocurrency as an alternative investment class and rode the highs of Bitcoin at USD$20,000. 

480. Introducing Peter McBurney | United Kingdom | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

About 6 years ago, I became interested in Blockchain, the distributed ledger technology underlying the cryptocurrency Bitcoin, since this technology cleverly automates some group decision-making. I first came into contact with Norton Rose Fulbright when a student at King’s College and I approached several law firms to see if they would be interested in exploring with us the adoption status for DLT. The firm was well ahead of most of the firms we met with, both in technical understanding of Blockchain and in understanding the long-term transformative commercial potential of the technology. After helping the firm as a consultant, I joined the firm in January to establish a technology consulting practice.

481. Investment Funds and Asset Management

offering of the first publicly-traded bitcoin investment fund in the world

482. Investment Management – Mergers and

"B.C. Securities Commission investigating two cryptoasset trading platforms", Nov 7, 2019

483. Is Cryptocurrency Money and Why Does it Matter? | Insights | Torys LLP

The emergence of Bitcoin heralded the era of crypto and digital currencies designed for use in the general economy. But are these new currencies considered money and is current Canadian law adequate to accommodate them as money?

484. "Is Sending Spam Worse Than Killing a Blue Whale?" by Addison Cameron-Huff

BLOG HOME CONTACT AUTHOR NEXT POST: HOW BITCOIN MIGHT CHANGE YOUR PAYCHEQUE”

NEXT: HOW BITCOIN MIGHT CHANGE YOUR PAYCHEQUE ►

485. Iñaki Gomez | Capital Markets Lawyer Vancouver | BLG

BLG Represents First Bitcoin Market Participant to be Approved by Canadian Securities Administrators

486. Japan | McCarthy

A Japanese bank sued in an Ontario class action following the collapse of the “Mt. Gox” bitcoin exchange

487. Japon | McCarthy Tétrault

Une banque japonaise visée par une action collective en Ontario à la suite de l’effondrement de la plateforme d’échange de bitcoins « Mt. Gox »

488. Jason Brooks | Investment Management Lawyer Vancouver | BLG

Led the team that represented First Block Capital Inc. for its registration as an investment fund manager and an exempt market dealer in order to operate a bitcoin investment fund. This was the first registration of an investment fund manager in Canada solely dedicated to cryptocurrency investments. Jason co-led the team that acted in connection with the direct and syndicated private placement of units of the bitcoin fund to investors in Canada and abroad.

489. Jeff Dennis - Corporate/Commercial counsel in Toronto | People | Fasken

Bitcoin & Blockchain: What do They Mean for Financial Services?

490. Jeff Dennis | Avocat-conseil en Financement des sociétés et valeurs mobilières à Toronto | Équipe | Fasken

Les bitcoins et les chaînes de blocs : les conséquences pour les services financiers

491. Jochen Vester | Counsel | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Basel Committee second consultation on the prudential treatment of banks’ cryptoasset exposures

492. Joe Smallshaw | Counsel | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Upper Tribunal considers the application of the MLRs to a cryptoasset exchange provider and comments on FCA procedures

493. Jonathan Sherman Discusses Possibility of Marijuana Lounges | Cassels.com

Cam Mingay and Jonathan Sherman on How Bitcoin's Boom Created an Obstacle for Marijuana Companies Going Public

494. July 26, 2017

concept of the DAO was that participants would purchase DAO tokens in exchange for Ethereum virtual

to fund projects using the Ethereum and distribute earnings from those projects. The DAO existed only as

a “smart contract” — that is, software code running on the Ethereum blockchain — that would

In May 2016, the DAO sold 1.15 billion DAO tokens for Ethereum with a value of US$150 million (today,

that same amount of Ethereum would be worth US$2.4 billion). However, the DAO never went into

495. Jun 13, 2018

benefits the network or collective. Bitcoin, for example, exists only because miners have an incentive

496. KYC and AML Compliance - Can blockchains help? | Gowling WLG

Blockchain technology, the technology behind several popular cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoins, is a ledger that is public, digitalized and decentralized and is shared throughout a peer-to-peer network. Transactions are validated through a consensus mechanism involving participants of the network (some of whom are rewarded with cryptocurrencies) as well as cryptography, which creates identical ledgers in multiple computers and makes the ledgers highly difficult to corrupt.

497. Kam Dhillon | Gowling WLG

Kam also advises on the regulatory aspects of corporate transactions, changes of control, authorisations and variations of permission, and assists firms with their responses to FCA and PRA enquiries. More recently, Kam has been advising on the regulatory environment for cryptoassets and the metaverse, and regulatory divergence following the UK's withdrawal from the EU.

498. Katie McDougall | Partner | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

499. Katie McDougall | Partner | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright | Cabinet juridique mondial | Norton Rose Fulbright

Cryptoassets and sanctions: How easy is it to freeze cryptoassets?

500. Katie Stephen | Co-Head of the Contentious Financial Services Group, London | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright

Upper Tribunal considers the application of the MLRs to a cryptoasset exchange provider and comments on FCA procedures